Introduction Amphetamines are a class of synthetic central nervous system stimulants that have influenced medicine, neuroscience, and public-health policy for more than a century. Originally synthesized in the late 19th century, amphetamines gained prominence in the 20th century for their ability to increase alertness, concentration, and energy. Over time, however, medical communities and regulators worldwide […]
Introduction Pentobarbital sodium—historically known by the trade name Nembutal—is a synthetic barbiturate that has played a significant role in 20th-century medicine, pharmacology, and veterinary practice. Once widely prescribed for sedation, seizure control, and anesthesia, its use in human medicine has declined sharply due to safety concerns, high overdose risk, and the availability of safer alternatives. […]